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RICHARD K. FOX 

PROPRIETOR OF THE POLICE GAZETTE 
PUBLISHING HOUSE 



Official 

Basket Ball 
Guide 

' AND ' 

Protective 
Association 
Rules for 

i 9 o 8- 7 o 9 

BY 

Thomas H. Smith 

h 

Fully Illustrated 

RICHARD K. FOX, Publisher 

FRANKLIN SQUARE NEW YORK CITY 



I ft* 15 



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Copyright, 1908 
by 

Richard K. Fox 



Pape 



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CONTENTS 

h Roll of Officers 8 

Comments II 

Explanatory a 23 

Report of Championship Committee 31 

Officials 39 

Hints on Handling a Team . 47 

Rules . 55 

Constitulion of the Protective Basketball and Athletic 

Association of the Eastern States 83 

Rules for Scoring 137 

Minute Men 138 

Disengaged Players 138 




THOMAS H. SMITH. 

President Protective Basketball and Athletic Association of the Eastern States. 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 



Page 

Richard K. Fox 2 

Thomas H. Smith 6 

Lauter Piano Co. Team 10 

Robert Thompson 12 

Diamond Wanderers 14 

Metropolitans ; 16 

Emeraids 18 

Alerts 20 

Knickerbocker Five 22 

James C. Russell 24 

George B. Serenbetz 26 

Theodore C. Jung 28 

Eugene M. Strehl 30 

Elgins 32 

Diamond Five 34 

Rippowam Basketball Team 36 

Company G Basketball Team 38 

Crescent (Senior) Team of Paterson , , . . . 40 

Seventeenth Basketball Team 42 

Wanitas 44 

George Kivlin 1 , . 46 

George P. Spindler 48 

North Jersey Team e 50 

Jos. Bernstein 52 



ROLL OF OFFICERS 

Thomas H. Smith, President. 
Robert Thompson, Vice-President. 
Samuel Washburn, Rec. Secretary. 
James G MacCherry, Cor. Secretary. 
James C. Russell, Treasurer, 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS— Continued. 



Page 

William Walsh 54 

Company D, D.mbury, Conn . 56 

Charles P. McWade 58 

St. Thomas A. C. Team- 60 

Rev. John L. Scudder 62 

Company F, Nor walk, Conn 64 

Naval Reserve 66 

Guardian Basketball Team 68 

Cedar Basketball Team 70 

Rubber Five .... 72 

Diagram of Court 74 

Peerless Basketball Team 76 

Y M. C. A. 1 earn of Middlctown 78 

St. Christopher Tigers 80 

Franklin A. C. Team . . . 82 

Company C 54 Basketball Team 84 

Marlow A. C. Team . . 86 

St. Michaels .... 88 

Keystone Team 90 

Sagamore Stars , 92 

Signet Basketball Team 94 

Plate 1 96 

Plate 2 98 

Plate 3 . 100 

Plate 4 102 

Plate 5 104 

Piate 6 106 

Plate 7 108 

Plate 8 110 

Plate 9 H2 

Plate 10 : 114 

Plate 11 .« 116 

Plate 12 118 

Plate 13 120 

Plate 14 122 

Plate 15 124 

Plate 16 126 

Plate 17 128 

Plate 18 130 

Plate 19 132 

Plate 20 ..... 134 

How to Keep Score 136 



COMMENTS 

By THE EDITOR. 

The Protective Basketball and Athletic Association of tbe Eastern 
States, entering upon the fourth year of its existence, looks into the 
future with that sense of confidence and satisfaction which is the reward 
of having labored conscientiously and made good. Time has brought 
its responsibilities and its problems ; but it has also given tbe requisite 
experience and strength to deal with them, and none will deny that the 
confidence resulting from having met and overcome tbe difficulties of tbe 
past is the most effective equipment for dealing with those of the future. 

While we point with pride to the unblemished record of the past 
three years, and the happy results that have attended our efforts, we do 
not seek to delude ourselves or others into the belief that the large 
amount of good accomplished is solely due to our Association ; in 
common with many others we have done our share, pernaps a little 
more, toward the tranquilizing, systematizing, and purifying of basket- 
ball, and surely all will agree that to-day the game is a bigger game, a 
cleaner game, a more consistent and a better game, than at any time 
since that day, away back in 1888, when a few earnest thinkers, meeting 
at Northfield, Mass., contributed a new and most fascinating form of 
contest to the list of sports. 

It is especially gratifying to note that as we grow older, and the 
public becomes better acquainted with " Protective " aims and objects, 
opposition diminishes and the organization once regarded as an innova- 
tion and a venture now ranks as a recognized authority ; the growing 
tendency of basketball thought and legislation to travel along Associa- 
tion lines proving the depth and strength of Association influence. 

Taken as a whole last season has been the most prosperous one in 
the bistorj'of the game, and reports m a majority of cases hear testimony 
to its ever increasing popularity. Of course there have been instances 
where some have met with disaster due to irregularities on their own 
part, or perhaps to connection with persons addicted to practices calcu- 
lated to injure the game; but happy to relate, the consequences of their 
own folly have recoiled upon their own heads without seriously hurting 
the game, and it is probable that in future these unfortunates will give 
due heed to the fact that the public is beginning to want straight 
basktetball or none. 

This doesn't mean that the basketball millenium has arrived; " bush- 




ROBERT THOMPSON. 
Vice-President Protective Basketball and Athletic Association of the 
Eastern States. 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKETBALL. 



13 



ing " and other forms of the sawdust game, while they cannot be said to 
flourish, still continue ; but there is satisfaction in the knowledge that 
while a few are doing these tilings, the great majority of players and 
managers are trying to do what is right, and in that lies the confidence 
that things are continually becoming better ; with the public waking up, 
and the various organizations working for the ad vancement of the game, 
the woric of former years seems to have been fruitful, and basketball 
advances with rapid strides. 

In connection with the above, the one thing most needed to perfect 
the good work is National Organization, and strange to say the chief 
obstacle to such organization is the very one who would be most bene- 
fitted by it, the manager of the professional team. No one in his proper 
senses will claim that the present haphazard system of handling the 
professional game is calculated to dignify it in anybody's eyes. We have 
yet to hear of anything but confusion resulting from a state of affairs in 
which each man is a law unto himself. It is shortsighted to ignore the 
general welfare as a factor in one's own prosperity; there is no excuse for 
being a stumbling block in the path of those who want the game to 
advance, and while the principle of leaving well enough alone may be 
sound at times, it must be understood that there can be no such thing as 
a permanent standstill: basketball must either advance or go back. 

If it is to the interest of anybody to see that the game is upheld and 
kept clean, it is surely up to the man who is making money out of it. 
If while looking to the public to support his venture he neglects or 
refuses to do the things that are of utmost importance if the game is to 
betaken seriously, how does he justify the existence of his team, and 
where is the proof that his games mean competition, or anything but 
personal profit ? 

We take no issue with professionalism. It has done much to benefit 
and bring into prominence otner forms of sport, and there is no good 
reason why it should not do the same for basketball. It violates no law, 
statutory or moral, and is simply a matter of taste; but where money 
figures in connection with a sport, organization as a guarantee of good 
faith and a means of regulation is essential, and whence should such 
organization emanate, if not from the good sense and sportsmanship of 
those who handle the game under these conditions ? That they are in a 
position to do this admits of no denial. That they don't is significant of 
what? Were they to be accused of lack of sportsmanship, or of working 
tne game to death for a paltry few dollar?, tne air would be thick with 
indignant protest, explanation, and disclaimer ; but the facts stand, and 
while there is a feverish eagerness to embrace any proposition that 
promises a few more dollars, scant indeed is the enthusiasm as far as 
doing anything for the goose that lays tne golden egg is concerned. 

That the necessity for such organization exists, and that the time for 
getting together has arrived, is no longer a suhject for argument the 
question that now confronts the average manager is not what is there in 
it for me, but how am I to keep afloat without something of the kind. 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKETBALL. 



15 



Another season, with its tiresome arranging of a haphazard schedule of 
desultory games, can have but little attraction for the manager, and still 
less for the patrons. Private championships will eventually fail to 
arouse a fiagiun-i interest, and while new and ingenious devices may 
serve to prolong the agony, the net results can be but an incredulous 
public, and a frivolous, discredited game. 

In the face of these tacts, the obvious thing to do would seem to be 
to organize ; don't leave it all to " The Protective Association." We are 
with them in anything that promises to help basketball, and if they need 
our help, they won't have to ask twice for it. It is high time the pro- 
fessional people tooic some steps toward doing their share of the work, 
and shouldering some of the responsibility, and we intend keeping after 
them in a friendly spirit until they do. 

During the past three years we have been warning managers against 
a few mischievious cliques that float about the country doing just about 
as they please and representing themselves to be anything that occurs to 
their minds, except what they really are. a coterie of wandering vaga- 
bonds. These fellows have been mixing things up finely, and now it 
seems either that our warnings have awakened somebody, or that some- 
one has been badly stung. Complaints of the doings of some alleged 
traveling teams are pouring in from all points of tne compass, and it is 
being seriously proposed to cut the travelers out. 

Admitting all that has been said of such teams to be in a measure 
true, it is manifestly unfair to ignore the fact that there are two kinds of 
traveling teams, and nonsensical to confound such teams as the Buffalo 
Germans, Corcoran Cadets, Ottawa Y. M. C. A., Crescents, Seventeenths, 
Company G, Gloversville, N. Y., and other crack organizations that 
travel from time to time, with the irresponsible nomads who under the 
influence of wanderlust, and the auspices of the bush league, take a 
try at " barnstorming " now and then, making the South and West the 
scene of their operations. 

As in everything else there are some unscrupulous ones in basketball. 
To the credit of the game and its players be it said that they are com- 
paratively few in number, but they are there nevertheless, and it is only 
simple everyday caution to Keep this in mind. Asa matter of fact a 
large share of the blame rests with the man who in his eagerness to fill 
his hall will arrange games with any old team or boou an outfit ot which 
he knows absolutely nothing. Would he have this trouble if lie took a 
little pains to ascertain with whom he was dealing, and could such 
bunches continue to exist if they didn't get games? In this case the 
remedy is in the hands of the complainant ; a little more method and a 
little less laxity is the cure ; don't do business with unknowns unless they 
are vouched for by some trustworthy person or organization. The 
reputable teams will make themselves known quickly enough. 

Bo not be in too great a hurry to decide the fate of the traveling team. 
It is a question that deserves careful consideration rather than offhand 
decision ; for say what you will, the decent traveling team has been and 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKETBALL. 



17 



for a Ions time to come will continue to be one of the most important 
factors in the spreading of iiieas, the introduction of the game into new 
territory, the dispelling of error and misconception, and the bringing 
about of athletic relations between people who had no idea of each others 
existence prior to the advent of some traveling team. But use the 
traveling team in moderation, don't rill your schedule up with them, for 
there are not enough good ones to go round; if thev play a game that 
differs from that played in your locality, remember that the rooters like 
a little novelty once in a while, and there may be something that you can 
learn of them to your advantage. Then again there may be features of 
the game as played by your team that they can carry away with them ; 
features that may be of immense importance to the rest of the basketball 
world. This is the progressive spirit that is going to make basketball the 
greatest of all games as a winter spoit. 

We don't know just what to think of one of the counts in the in- 
dictment of the traveling team ; that they beac the teams they visit, and 
that the rooters of these teams and the teams themselves don't like that. 
To such we would say, why not compile a schedule of easy marks, then 
they would never be beaten. 

The Championship situation is about as complicated a proposition as 
could well be imagined. The old time idea of a champion was the victor 
in an open competition in which all conditions were equal; but to-day 
we seem to be afflicted with all sorts and conditions of champions, and 
truth compels us to admit that the result is a most preposterous hotch- 
potch. With champions of this place and champions of that, cham- 
pions of this league, and of that organization, champions under certain 
conditions, match gatne champions, physical peculiarity champions, etc., 
forlorn indeed is the lot of the unhappy team that is unable to devise 
some reason for adding the term champion to its name, and the cham- 
pionship list remains incomplete only for lack of a champion one-legged 
team, a champion team of paralytics, and perhaps the blind champions. 

Last year the desire to hold championships seems to have amounted 
almost to a mania, and the reasons advanced ranged all the way from — 
"because business was bad," to "for lack of something better to do. ' 
Result, champions to burn; many of real championship calibre no 
doubt, and worthy of a better fate than to be classed with the grotesque 
mob that posed as the winners of premier honors. 

By way of exception to this idiotic state of affairs, when you read the 
report of the Association Tournament Committee, further on in the 
book, note the reasons given for not boiling a heavyweight class tourna- 
ment, and asu: yourselves if they are not honest reasons ; the reasons of 
men who want to help the game along, rather than make it ridiculous 
for the sake of saying "We have held a Championship." Protective 
Tournaments are held for the purpose of deciding which are the best 
teams, and no other consideration figures in these events. Of all tourna- 
ments, those of the Association are about as near an approach to the 
original and true conception of what really constitutes an affair of this 



PROTECTIVE ASSOC! ATIO N BASKETBALL. 



19 



kind, as any of which we have ever heard. They encourage fair and 
manly competition, are free to all teams that maintain a standard of 
common decency, and all conditions are equal. When you meet a team 
that has won an Association Tournament, you meet about as near an 
approach to a champion team as the game has produced up to date ; for 
it is no child's play to win one of them, and that is why a " Protective 
Medal " ranks as the blue ribbon of basketball to-day. 

Prior to last season's tournament speculation was rife as to the prob- 
able winners of the senior and junior classes. Trie wiseacres picked 
Emeralds to win the former, but seemed to have reckoned without their 
host, who in this case happened to be far-seeing John Clark. With the 
now heavyweight Wanitas out of the way, It certainly did look like 
Brooklyn for the Bernstein Trophy, but John's quiet winter's work at 
the Palace showed early in the tournament, and when Alerts failed to 
dispose of the Jerseymen, everybody knew 7 that the Diamonds were 
about to place their second mortgage on the cup. 

When we consider that nothing but the call of time prevented the 
Warlow team from winning the Brooklyn-Long Island Tournament, 
and that the inability of a player standing uncovered under the basket 
with the ball in his hands to score the winning goal was probably all 
that kept the cup from going to Paterson, we begin to realize how close 
it all was, and how evenly the contestants w r ere matched. 

In. the Junior Division it seemed to be take your pick. The Pierce 
Flyers looked good to many, so did Atlas, and on the strength of a grand 
up 1 .) ih battle in Brooklyn, Elgin was not without its supporters: but it 
remained for the astute Mr. Spain to spring the sensation of the tourna- 
ment, and if those quiet looking chaps in red and black didn't know- 
basketball from A to Z and back again, then no team ever knew it. 
That was basketball as it will be ten years hence. No wonder the blase 
Hoboken fans thronged that armory. It will be a long time before any 
work approaching that of the " Mets " in excellence and versatility will 
be seen again. 

The Association Track and Field Championships w T ere held at Ulmer 
Park on Saturday, June 27. and were as .veil contested a set of events as 
any that have taken place in the Metropolitan District for some time. 
About 200 members competed and the rest in company with friends sat 
in the stand or around the field, cheering and rooting for the various 
favorites. 

It may have been due to the poor condition of the track that many 
of the aforesaid favorites failed to annex events they were popularly 
supposed to have had at their mercy ; or it may have been that they 
underestimated their competitors ; at any rate most of the prizes went to 
"dark horses," and everybody was satisfied, especially the young men 
who had entered with no special hope or expectation and came out with 
a " Protective " medal. 

The big surprise of the day was the winning of the point trophy by 
the Castleton Athletic Association of Staten Island, from Second Signal 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCTAT EON BASKETBALL. 21 



Corps, and the Warlow Athletic Club. This question was in doubt up to 
the very last moment, when a Castleton member landed his club two 
points in the lead by taking a place in the broad jump, thereby netting 
enough points to win the trophy. 

Taken in all, the games were a success and came up to expectations 
in most particulars. 

iMuch to the regret of the members, the customary Association 
Dinner did not come off last season, and its absence left a yawning 
vacancy (no allusion to digestive apparatus intended) for which it was 
hard to find any acceptable suhstitute. However, the final gathering of 
the clans took place at the Firemen's Memorial Benefit, and as every- 
body made it his or her special business to be there, the spacious 
gymnasium, which the public-spirited Dr. Watson L. Savage placed at 
the Association's disposal for that evening, was crowded to its utmost 
capacity. It really looked like the championships all over again when 
the giant Seventeenths put it all over their equally husky opponents the 
Castletons, and the Champion Diamonds tested their mettle against the 
Wanitas, champions in the same class of the year before. 

It was with a gasp of astonishment that the crowd saw the redoubt- 
able " Mets " hell to a tie score by that sturdy combination of Pierce and 
St. Michael players, an. 1 tne Police team sailed into their opponenis of 
the Fire Department as only men who have the prestige of a great city 
department to uphold could. Dancing followed the games, and a most 
pleasant evening ended with the distribution of prizes and ti:e awarding 
of the championship trophies to the winners of the various tournaments, 
while that most worthy cause The Kruger Fund netted a substantial sum 
through the efforts of the Association. 

While there are many other subjects and phases of the game we 
would like to discuss, time and space will hardly admit of it. We will 
therefore content ourselves witn expressing the hope that the various 
organizations that are seeking to help basketball will eventually arrive 
at some general agreement, formal or tacit, for the benefit of the game 
and its players, and that the season now opening will exceed ail former 
ones in the amount of good accomplished, and the advancement of the 
National Mid-Winter Sport. 



EXPLANATORY. 

By THE EDITOR. 

The Protective Association rules differ in many respects 
from any advanced up to the present time. The changes and 
additions are the result of a careful, conscientious consider- 
ation of the opinions and suggestions of many, who having 
a long and intimate acquaintance with the game, and being 
known to have its best interests at heart, seem peculiarly 
fitted to know what changes time has rendered necessary 
and advisable. While the subject has been approached in 
a spirit of fairness to the persons who in past seasons 
have propounded rules which, to say the least, offer a sub- 
stantial foundation upon which to base improvement, never- 
theless it may as well be understood that in these rules 
basket ball is dealt with from a practical rather than a 
theoretical standpoint based on the simple, self-evidently 
truthful fact that it is a hard, strenuous game, the very 
nature of which presupposes a certain percentage of 
vigorous, personal contact and hard knocks to its devotees 
and that a fast game of basket ball has no place for the 
timid, the weak or the ailing. 

It is expected that in common with every other innova- 
tion, the "Association Rules" will come in for their share 
of criticism, and honest criticism will be heartily wel- 
comed ; but the Association will attach no importance nor 
pay any attention to carping or unfriendly fault-finding. 
These rules are advanced in the expectation that they w T ill 
do their share toward securing simplicity and uniformity of 
interpretation, while offering the minimum of hindrance to 
the playing of a clean, fast, versatile, scientific game. They 
are likewise intended to cover that peculiar situation where 
many teams insist on playing what they call the "old 
rules," while others can see nothing but a different set of 
regulations which they choose to regard as "up to date." 

The flaw in the "old rules" side of the argument is that 
while they provided for a perfectly clean game, very few 
copies of these " '96-'97" rules are in existence, and in the 
absence of any printed authority, "old rules" have been 
construed simply as license to do as one pleases, with the 
exception of running with the ball and one or two other 
things. While the up-to-date articles seem to have been 



JAMES C. RUSSELL, 
Treasurer Protective Basketball and Athletic Association 
Eastern States. 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKET BALL. -!5 



so very carefully constructed that actions which necessity 
demands if the game is to be played, can be construed as 
fouls by overzealous officials. The "Association Rules" are 
so constructed as to permit all the freedom of action dear 
to the heart of the advocate of the "old rules," while in- 
cluding the principal features which make the "up-to-date" 
rules attractive. 

It will be noticed that the cage game has for the first 
time been recognized and provided for in the hope that in 
time to come the wide gulf which seems to separate it 
from the side line game will be bridged in a manner satis- 
factory to admirers of both. 

In many cases the rules are dealt with from the stand- 
point that the home team will always have an important 
advantage in games played upon the home court, while a 
visiting team is under a corresponding disadvantage. In 
order that this may be equalized to a certain extent, the 
rules provide for an increased length of the shank of the 
basket, to the end that carroming the ball may be minimized, 
and likewise provide that a free throw must be a clean 
throw ; for the real test of a player's ability to score is 
not his expertness in bouncing a ball from a well-known 
spot on a well-known back-board into the basket, but his 
ability to shoot a ball within the confines of a ring eighteen 
inches in diameter without any assistance other than that 
of the well-trained muscles acting in conjunction with the 
accurate eye. 

In pursuance of the same idea, the six-foot lane is abol- 
ished as serving no particularly useful purpose, diminishing 
at the same time the embarrassment of the player trying 
for a goal from the mark, by removing the "running-the- 
gauntlet" feature and reducing the chances of two points 
being sneaked through by a fake throw, while giving every- 
body an equal chance when the ball goes into play. 

It will be noticed that in accordance with the Associa- 
tion policy of playing no favorites, and entering into no 
deals with business houses in the sporting goods line, that 
no firm's ball has been adopted as the official Association 
ball. Competition is the life of trade, and from an Asso- 
ciation standpoint one firm's ball is as good as another, 
and an equal chance is extended to all firms manufacturing 
a ball that complies with the requirements as set forth in 
these rules. 

The alternating of the officials as referee and umpire is 



GEORGE B. SERENBETZ. 
Ex- President Protective Basketball and Athletic Association of the 
Eastern States. 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKET BALL. 27 



not offered as a final solution of the official problem, but 
as the plan which, all things considered, has been found 
to work best. Organization has not proceeded far enough 
to admit of assigning officials, to all games, but when it 
has, a body of officials will doubtless be organized that by 
virtue of special training and non-connection with any 
competing organization, will assure conditions as nearly 
ideal as human ingenuity can make them. 

In allotting a scorer and timekeeper to the visiting 
team, the rules, while depriving the home team of nothing, 
allows the visiting team a representation that is perfectly 
fair and just. Mistakes and misunderstandings will be 
less liable to occur under this ruling. 

Players are held back of the foul lines until the ball is 
in play in order to establish a line-up that shall be uniform 
and compulsory. While many players in different parts of 
the country have been in the habit of taking a position on 
some part of the court which is deemed favorable to the 
carrying out of some signal, it can readily be seen that 
much confusion can result from permitting players to line 
up according to their own views on the subject, and the 
change is designed to make a uniform line-up obligatory, 
furnishing at the same time a given position and definite 
time from which to start play. 

The ball is awarded to the first man over the line in 
order to prevent the slowing up of the game when the ball 
goes out of bounds. It would seem as though the opposite 
side rule has failed in its intent to keep the ball in bounds, 
and the general effect of the rule has been to cause the 
game to come to a standstill while the referee decides 
which side was to blame for the ball going out. The change 
has been tried at the Protective Association tournament 
and has been found to secure a fast, continuous game with 
a minimum of roughness. 

If the science of the game consists of securing the un- 
interrupted continuance of team play on a team, it is 
equally logical to assume that the same science admits of 
the advisability of interrupting the other side's offensive 
play and general team work as a means to that end as far 
as is consistent with a clean game. There is no good 
reason why a player should stand idly by and permit an 
opponent to tackle a team mate who has a chance to score, 
and the game displays incoherency and weakness that on 
any pretext exacts such self-sacrifice. For this reason the 




THEODORE C. JUNG. 
Ex-President Protective Basketball and Athletic Association of the 
Eastern States. 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKETBALL. 29 



block as a block pure and simple has been permitted. It 
will Le found to increase interest in the game by providing 
players with a duty to perforin where heretofore they have 
been forced to stand and look on; it will double the effi- 
ciency of a player by teaching him the importance of co- 
operation in his team's efforts and of actively helping a 
team mate by turning him loose with the ball, fairly secure 
from interruption for a period, be it ever so brief. It will 
develop versatility of play and adds a feature that will be 
appreciated by the spectators and it will have no tendency 
to create roughness, for the use of hip, elbow or shoulder 
is forbidden, and it will be up to the referee to see that 
these parts of the person do not figure in the game as 
blocking. 

There seems to be no good reason why it should be wrong 
to dribble with two hands and permissible to dribble with 
one. The dribble is a useful feature of the game if for no 
other reason than that it serves to keep the ball moving 
when both teams are covering very closely. The fact that 
a two-handed dribble tends to roughness is overdrawn. It 
tends to no more roughness than crops up in the situation 
where four men are closely covered and the man in pos- 
session of the ball forced by rule to remain in the same 
spot with it for a sufficient length of time to permit his 
opponent to reach him and engage in a tussle. Much an- 
noyance will be obviated through the official not having 
the chance to construe an inadvertent touch with both 
hands into a foul. 

Out of deference to the claim that dribbling tends to 
individual play, "grand-standing," etc., the rules do not 
permit a player to score on a dribble, but allow him the 
customary two bounces in order that he may better his 
position and improve his chances of scoring, when shooting 
for a goal, the Association conception of the rules being 
that it is preferable to help a player rather than to 
hinder him. 

With these few comments the Association Rules are 
respectfully submitted to the basketball players, managers, 
officials and rooters in the sincere hope that they will have 
at least a tendency toward the solving of some of the 
puzzles and perplexities which periodically confront them. 
The rules are not immutable, but will be changed as often 
as the necessities and best interests of basketball may war- 
rant, and now "line up and let us have some real basket- 
ball." 




EUGENE M. STHEHL, Tournament Official. 



REPORT OF CHAMPIONSHIP 
COMMITTEE. 

Protective Basketball and Athletic Association of tlie 
Eastern States. 

Officers and Membeis of the Protective Basketball and Athletic 
Association of the Eastern States : 
The Basketball Championship Committee be? to report that the 
Third Annual Championship Tournament overshadowed all previous 
tournaments. 

The elimination of the weaker teams by the " miss and ont " process 
as pursued in the local tourneys, while an innovation, and regarded 
somewhat askance at the outset, proved to be the most effective way of 
bringing the higher class teams to the front, without the tedious delay 
and drag attendant on a round robin event. 

The tournament was divided into two classes : Senior, average weight 
140 pounds, maximum individual weight 155 pounds; and Junior, average 
weight 125 pounds, maximum individual weight 135 pounds. 

Owing to the doubt which exists concerning the status of most of the 
heavyweight teams, the Committee felt that it was unadvisable to make 
provision for a heavyweight class on any but a purely professional basis, 
feeling that any professional tournament worthy of being styled a 
championship must necessarily be of a national character and open to 
all teams that come up to a certain standard of excellence. Without 
entering into this subject in all its details, your Committee t'eels justified 
in saying that purely amateur heavyweight teams are an exception 
rather than a rule, and the tendency, it not the general practice, of these 
teams is to compete mainly against teams of the professional class, 
whether they accept pay or not. 

Past experience having shown that Protective Association tourna- 
ments are not decided by chance, lnc - or any of the other factors that 
sometimes decide events of this kind, none b^t the very best teams 
sought to enter, and a glance at the entry list will convince anybody 
that is even slightlv in touch with basketball afl drs, that the competing 
teams were the class of the Eastern States and the cream of the game. 

The New Jersey Lightweight Championship and the New York and 
Staten Island Lightweight Championship were played at Peoples Palace, 
Bergen Avenue and Forrest Street, Jersey City, N. J., beginning on 
Saturday, February 15, 1908, and ending on Wednesday, March 11, 1908. 

The entries were as follows : 

NEW JERSEY CHAMPIONSHIP— SENIOR. 
White Stars, Ridgewood, N. J. Diamond Wanderers, Jersey City, 

North Jersey A. A., Paterson, N. J. N. J. 
St.Johns k jstitu'e, JerseyCity. N.J. 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION" BASKETBALL. 



33 



NEW JERSEY CFI A M PIONSIIIP — JUNIOR. 
Diamond Midgets. Jersey City, N.J. Atlas, Jersey Citv, N. J. 
St. Johns Midgets, Jersey City, N.J. Dominican A. A.. Newark, N. J. 

NEW YORK AND STATEN ISLAND CHAM PIONS H TP— SENTO R. 

St. Thomas A. C, New York City. Mohegan A. C. >w York City. 
Alerts, New York City. Olivets, New York City. 

Signets, New York City. Keystone A. C, Eltingville, S. I. 

' JNEW YORK AND STATEN ISLAND CHAMPrONSHIP-JTJNIOR. 

Port Chester A. C, Port Chester, Pierces, New York City. 
N. Y. Metropolitans, New York City. 

The results of the games played in the New Jersey Senior Champion- 
ship were as follows : 

Diamond Wanderers 28 St. Johns Institute 20 

North Jersey A. A. 34 White Star A. C 2 

Diamond Wanderers 17 Nortti Jersey A. A 14 

The Diamond Wanderers, having won all of their games, were de- 
clared Senior Lightweight Champions of New Jersey and eligible to com- 
pete in the final Lightweight Championship. 

The games played in the New Jersey Junior Lightweight Champion- 
ship resulted as follows : 

Diamond Juniors 62 St. Johns Juniors 10 

Atlas 2 Dominican A. A 

Atlas 15 Diamond Juniors 14 

The Atlas team, having won all of their games, were declared Junior 
Lightweight Champions of New Jersey and eligible to compete in the 
finals for the Junior Championship of the East. 

The games in the New York and Staten Island Senior Lightweight 
Championship resulted as follows: 

St. Thomas A. C 2 Mohesmn A. C 

Alerts 44 Olivets 12 

Siynets 2 Keystone A. C 

St. Thomas A. C 20 Signets 19 

Alerts 33 St. Thomas A. C 10 

The Alerts, having won all of their games, were declared Senior 
Lightweight Champions of New York and Staten Island, and eligible to 
compete in the finals for the Senior Lightweight Championship of the 
East. 

The Junior Lightweight Championship of New York and Staten 
Island resulted as follows : 

Pierces 2 Port Chester A. C 

Metropolitans 22 Pierces 16 

The Metropolitans were declared tiie Junior Lightweight Champions 
of New York and Staten Island and eligible to compete in the finals for 
the Junior Lightweight Championship of the East. 

The Brooklyn and Long Island Lightweight Championship was 
played at Pilgrim Hall, 288 Court Street, Brooklyn, N. Y., beginning on 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKETBALL. 35 



Saturday, February 15, and continuing UDtil Tuesday evening, March 3, 
1908. 

The following teams entered the Brooklyn and Long Island Light- 
weight Championship : 

SENIOR. JUNIOR. 
Emeralds, Brooklyn, N. Y. Elgin Five. Brooklyn, N. Y. 

Foley Five, Brooklyn, N. Y. Sapphire A. C, Brooklyn, 1ST. Y. 

Bay Ridge A. C, Brooklyn, N. Y. Hamilton A. C, Brooklyn. N. Y. 
Warlow A. C, Whitestone, L. I. Visitations Jrs, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
. Cedars. Flushing. L. I. Crescents, Astoria, L. I. 

Visitation Cluu, Brooklyn, N. Y. St. Michaels, Brooklyn, N. Y. 

The Brooklyn and Long Island Senior Lightweight Championship 
games resulted as follows : 

Foley Five 29 Cedars 20 

Emeralds 18 Warlow A. C 17 

Visitation Club 2 Bay Ridge A. C 

Emeralds 18 Foley Five 11 

Emeralds 38 Visitation Club 10 

The Emeralds, having won all of their games, were declared the 
Senior Lightweight Champions of Brooklyn and Long Island and eligible 
to compete in the final tournament for the Senior Lightweight Cham- 
pionship of tli e East. 

The games played for the Junior Lightweight Championship of 
Brooklyn and Long Island resulted as follows : 

Visitation Juniors 22 Hamilton A. C 8 

Elgin Five 22 Sapphire A. C 14 

St. Michaels 19 Crescents 7 

Elgin Five 20 Visitation Juniors 15 

Elgin Five 21 St. Michaels 15 

The Elgin Five, having won all of their games, were declared Junior 
Lightweight Champions of Brooklyn and Long Island and eligible to 
compete in the final tournament for the Junior Lightweight Champion- 
ship of the East. 

The Final Lightweight Championship Tournament was played at the 
Fourth Regiment, N. G. S. N. J. Armory. Washington and First Streets, 
Hoboken, N. J., with the following teams eligible to compete: 

SENIOR LIGHTWEIGHT CLASS. 
Emeralds, Senior Lightweight Champions of Brooklyn and Long Island. 
Diamond Wanderers, Senior Lightweight Champions of New Jersey. 
Alerts, Senior Lightweight Champions of New York and Staten Island. 

JUNIOR LIGHTWEIGHT CLASS. 
Elgin Five, Junior Lightweight Champions of Brooklyn and Long 
Island. 

Metropolitans, Junior Lightweight Champions of New York and Staten 
Island. 

Atlas, Junior Lightweight Champions of New Jersey. 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKETBALL. 37 



The games played in the final Senior Lightweight Championship re- 
sulted as follows : 



The Diamond Wanderers, having won all of their games, are de- 
clared Senior Lightweight Champions of the East, and will receive seven 
solid sold medals set with a diamond, and will have possession of the 
Bernstein trophy for one year. 

The Emeralds are declared winners of second place, and will receive 
seven solid silver medals set with a ruby, 

The Alerts are declared winners of third place, and will receive seven 
bronze medals set with a sapphire. 

The games played in the Junior Lightweight Championship resulted 
as follows : 

Elsin Five 26 Atlas 19 

Metropolitans 31 Atlas.,,.... 4 

Metropolitans 53 Elgin Five 15 

The Metropolitans, having won all of their games, are declared 
Junior Lightweight Champions of the East, and will receive seven gold 
medals. 

The Elgin Five are declared winners of second place, and will receive 
seven solid silver medals. 

The Atlas Five are declared winners of third place, and will receive 
seven bronze medals, 



Diamond Wanderers . 
Diamond Wanderers .. 
Emeralds 



36 




Alerts 

Emeralds 
Alerts 



IS 
10 
27 



OFFICIALS. 



Good, Bad and Indifferent. 

By GEORGE P. SPINDLER. 

While there may be a certain amount of truth, in the 
remark that officials are simply a necessary evil in a game 
of basket ball, the real truth of the matter is that the men 
who officiate at games are factors of prime importance ; for 
the very reason that it is in their power to make or spoil 
a game. The contesting teams can be of indifferent calibre 
and still, in the hands of a first-class set of officials, 
present a contest in which the interest will be sustained 
throughout, while in the hands of an indifferent set of 
officials the efforts of the best two teams in existence can 
be made a veritable farce and a source of weariness to the 
beholder. 

In the opinion of the writer this very important phase of 
the game has never received the consideration that it should, 
and many of the complications attributed to rules, old and 
new, have been the result not so much of faulty rules, as 
of the whims, peculiarities, misconceptions, etc., of the 
persons sent forth to officiate. 

In mentioning the desirable, and, in fact, indispensable 
qualities an official should possess, the primary essential 
would seem to be that he should know the game ; he should 
also know the rules and be perfectly posted on the general 
and official interpretation thereof, and he should be one 
that is accustomed to handling games, for good officials 
are the result of long experience and training ; they do 
not spring into existence over night. 

Impartiality is equally important ; no referee or umpire 
should be in any way connected with either of the com- 
peting teams and, preferably, he should not be a person 
known to be on terms of intimacy with either team or any 
player thereon. An official may be a perfectly conscientious, 
honest man ; but if he is in the habit of handling games 
continually for any one team he insensibly becomes accus- 
tomed to that team's style of play and is more than likely 
to be influenced by it in his enforcement of the rules. 

In the case of a person who officiates at the home games 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKET BALL. 41 



of any particular team, receiving his expenses and perhaps 
a small bonus in addition for his services, it is nonsensical 
to expect that a strange visiting team will receive the 
same consideration at his hands as the organization that 
practically employs him. 

Quickness is another indispensable attribute. The official 
should be a man capable of covering ground rapidly ; always 
keeping in the vicinity of the play while exercising due 
care not to get into the way of the players. Decisions 
should be quick, almost to the point of anticipation, espe- 
cially in the case of an "out of bounds" and in forestalling 
if possible a tussle for a "held ball," which experience 
has demonstrated to be the origin of most of the roughing. 

An official who knows his business is usually strict but 
seldom severe ; his intelligence enables him to observe the 
difference between an accident and a violation, and his 
decisions are given as much with reference to the spirit 
as to the letter of the rules ; in addition he possesses the 
rare virtue of knowing when to refrain from blowing his 
whistle as well as when he ought to blow it, for, strange 
as it may seem, it is a recognized fact, and players and 
patrons of the game are beginning to realize that the 
cleanest games and best all-round results are not derived 
from the constant use of the whistle, which seems to have 
a tendency to interrupt the play, thus breaking up the 
team work and generating a feeling of irritation which 
manifests itself in the players roughing it up with one 
another, possibly for lack of opportunity to rough it up 
with the man with the whistle. 

Your ideal official, if there is such a thing, knows that 
there is no law compelling him to officiate if he doesn't 
want to ; consequently he knows what to expect when he 
assumes the position and is prepared for the various pleas- 
antries and other things which usually fall to the official's 
share. In most cases he will be found to be a business- 
like, unobtrusive sort of fellow, who simply gives his deci- 
sion and lets it go at that. Knowing that his duty lies 
mostly within the boundary lines he is utterly oblivious to 
the criticism or commendation of the spectators and treats 
them just about the same as though they were not present. 
He doesn't converse with or answer the questions of the 
inquisitive ones along the side lines and he never talks to 
the players or permits them to talk to him except as 
provided by rule. 



protective association basket ball. 43 



All violations look alike to him ; he has no pet fouls, but 
it will be noticed that he doesn't run amuck on "holding 
the ball to the chest" while losing sight of the surrepti- 
tious uppercut or the elbow in the solar plexus. He has 
as sharp an eye for a trip as he has for an extra step 
with the ball. He is not afraid to allow a goal that a team 
is entitled to or to refuse to allow a goal that a team is 
not entitled to, and he will not hesitate to disqualify a 
dirty player, even though people may not like it or one 
team is left to play the game out with four men. 

In the hands of this kind of an official players are at 
their best. The dirty player fears him and the clean player 
respects him, while each realizes that he is at liberty to 
play the best game that is in him as long as he confines 
himself to clean basket ball. You will not find many 
players taking any liberties with. him. 

No bluffing, trickery or cajolery will induce this official 
to abate or overstep his authority. Don't ask him to decide 
any bets, for he knows that no rule ever gave any basket 
ball official that power, and in so doing he would be guilty 
of foolish intermeddling in the financial affairs of other 
people of which, as a good square official, he should know 
absolutely nothing. 

If it is found impossible to combine all these features of 
commission and omission in one personality, by all means 
beware of going to the other extreme and permitting 
freaks to handle games ; if possible steer clear of the fussy, 
conceited, self-important individual. He never makes a 
good official for the reason that in nine cases out of ten 
he will attempt to make himself the predominating feature 
of the game. It is difficult to make him understand that 
the spectators are present for any other reason than to see 
him officiate. His actions are governed by trifles, his deci- 
sions stupid or otherwise are infallible, and any attempt 
to question or explain is a personal affront. Forty minutes 
in the hands of such an official is guaranteed to make any 
two teams bitter enemies for life. 

The professional good fellow, "everybody's friend," is 
another huge mistake as an official. This gentleman having 
his own popularity to look after and wanting to stand 
well with both teams and everybody else, takes things easy 
and lets them fight it out. He wouldn't cause any hard 
feeling by strict decisions or calling any fouls. A highly 
edifying exhibition of go-as-you-please, Queensberry, catch- 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKET BALL. 45 



as-catch-can is the result, and at the end of the game the 
good fellow is still a good fellow perhaps, while the players 
k retire to nurse their injuries for weeks to come. 

Another good proposition to avoid is the man who knows 
the rules without knowing the game. It makes very little 
i difference to him whether a foul has been committed or 
J not ; he is there to blow his whistle and blow it he will ; 
5 he is the official' in the game and everybody must know 
: it. He knows the rules and in order that all may under- 
stand this he keeps the whistle working overtime ; the 
> game is chopped to pieces by these tactics, and the official, 
j if he doesn't happen to become involved in a row himself, 
generally manages to involve somebody else in one; result — 
: general dissatisfaction, and a miserable exhibition all round, 
j While the dishonest official is too contemptible an object 
• to merit any attention, it can do no harm to observe that 
j he only exists through the apparent willingness of basket 
j ball players to stand for him. Let one or two teams insist 
: that he cannot handle any game in which they are sched- 
uled to participate ; not hesitating to walk off the floor if 
j an attempt is made to force an objectionable man as 
| referee or umpire, and he will soon be found among the 
\ missing at decent games. It may take a lot of nerve and 
| resolution to do this, but a desperate case calls for an 
equally desperate remedy, and the case of an official who 
steals or tries to steal a game appears to the writer to be 
bad enough to warrant almost any action. 

These few comments on the official question are the ob- 
servations of a player who in the course of ten years' 
experience has had ample opportunity to take notes on the 
subject and may be taken for what they are worth. Some 
presumably well-informed persons declare that the opinions 
of players are of no special value, being often formed under 
stress of excitement. Re that as it may, the writer is 
willing to go on record as saying that a player's opinion has 
a value at least equal to that of anybody connected with 
the game, and if chance to observe and experience is of any 
use, it is fair to assume that a player's views may at times 
rank a step in advance of the ordinary run. At all events 
let us have honest, logical, efficient officials, and if this is 
to be accomplished it is the players who must do the work, 
nobody else seeming to have devoted any time or thought 
to this vitally important subject. 




GEORGE KIVLIN, Tournament Official. 



\ 



HINTS ON HANDLING A TEAM. 

BY JAM KS C. RUSSEI/L. 

Various managers make use of various methods in the 
handling of their teams and results are the only criterion of 
these methods. 

A manager to prove a success in basket ball must have 
the material to put up first-class ball ; that is, he must 
have a team physically fit to withstand the hard knocks 
and rough usage of the game. 

When he has collected a team of this calibre, it is his 
next duty to keep them in the very best of condition by 
being alive to all the aches and ailments of each and 
every player and he must constitute himself an amateur 
doctor and immediately provide relief for the ailing ; for 
the bruise left unattended will slacken the speed of a man ; 
cuts or sores will be favored to the detriment of the player's 
ability, and a cough, cold or pain will take the spirit out 
of the best-playing member of a team and his game will 
become mediocre. If a manager is to have his team playing 
championship ball they must be^ physically fit. It is wise 
for the manager to next introduce into his team the spirit 
of good fellowship. There should be no discrimination, one 
man being as good as the other, and all united with the 
one view in general, "the success of the team." 

A manager should respect the opinions of his team, treat 
them as companions, at the same time maintaining the 
dignity of his position, and he should not frown upon the 
little jokes that players will spring upon each other ; how- 
ever, he should not countenance boisterous conduct that is. 
intended for annoyance of other individuals, and any ten- 
dency to leave the straight and narrow path should imme- 
diately call for the manager's prompt and effective action ; 
and while we are on this subject : the manager should be 
very careful not to permit himself to be the offender and 
should always remember that example is better than precept. 

Having a team physically fit and filled with the proper 
team spirit, it is the manager's next duty to develop team 
work. Each and every member of the team should be made 
to understand that individual or "gallery play" will not 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKETBALL. 49 



be tolerated, but that on the floor a man has his work to 
perform, and that work does not consist in standing idly 
under a basket waiting for the ball, while his four team 
mates are endeavoring to secure possession of the ball from 
the opposing five; to stand under a basket and be "fed" 
may help the individual's record, but this team will never 
become a success on that style of play and a good manager 
will never permit it. The team should be taught that five 
second-rate men working^ in unison and running through 
their plays like well-drilled soldiers will pro^e more than 
a match for five stars lacking in team work. In order to 
develop this team work a manager should provide his team 
with ample practice and should never permit this practice 
to lag, but should conduct it with the earnestness and 
snap of a championship contest. Each man should be com- 
pelled to play his game with all the speed and ability at his 
command and the fact that it is a practice game should be 
no excuse for "loafing" upon the part of any man. It is in 
this practice that signal work and trick plays may be 
perfected. The manager* now has a team physically fit, 
filled with the proper team spirit and well drilled in the 
science of the game. 
Now for the games. 

An astute manager will not send his team along the line, 
meeting in rapid succession what is known as "rough house" 
teams, but will endeavor to sandwich in the easy games 
with the hard ones, and this will give his team a chance 
to recuperate and be in fairly good shape for the next hard 
game; there is a great demand upon the energy of the 
person playing, and the most carefully formulated rules will 
never eliminate the chances of hard knocks or injury. It 
is therefore wise, in the opinion of the writer, not to sub- 
ject one's team to too many gruelling contests in rapid 
succession, but to give them a chance to patch up the 
bruises and cuts received in courts unfit for the playing of 
the game, but where, unfortunately, teams are compelled 
to play. 

In arranging games it behooves the manager to be decent ; 
meet the other party half way; don't be a "hog" and insist 
upon everj T thing; at the same time it is not wisdom for 
any manager to allow his team to be imposed upon. It is 
well to settle upon rules, officials, etc., before the contest 
so that there will be no disputes upon the floor, while the 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKET BALL. 51 



spectators are stamping in their impatience for the game 
to begin. Have your team upon the floor on schedule time, 
as many a manager, when the hour for play has come 
around and no team appears, grows gray with worry over 
what has the appearance of a "stand-up." The spectators 
in many instances blame the innocent management and 
threaten to remove their patronage, and all in all the home 
team's manager's lot is not a very happy one. So be on 
time. 

Don't ever teach a team to beat up their opponents. A 
basket ball game does not consist of one team's ability to 
work injury upon the opposing five, and the "rough house" 
artist is a detriment to the game and should be discouraged ; 
besides if a player is attending to his business his thoughts 
will be on the ball, how to obtain possession of it and keep 
it in his team's possession, and how to progress it so as 
to reach a spot where a goal may be tried for with advan- 
tage. He will play the ball, not the man- 
Prom your team demand discipline — "and get it." Don't 
ever permit your team to handle affairs in their own peculiar 
style, but run the team according to your own judgment, 
and if you are capable of the position you occupy, your 
judgment should be law. If a player will not be subjected 
to discipline, put him on the side lines until his brain 
acts properly. If he proves to be an obstinate man to 
handle and "warming the bench" has no effect upon him, 
drop him for the good of the team ; he is a mischief maker 
and will sow seeds of discontent in the team. 

The honest manager can, by his conduct, do much for 
the game of basket ball, which should be, and will be, the 
most fascinating of indoor winter sports. If he is called 
upon to make sacrifice for the good of the game he should 
not look at the situation with motives personal or selfish, 
but should consider the welfare of the game. 

Never handle a "phoney" or "fake" team ; never book 
games with such teams: and do all in your power to elim- 
inate this menace to "our" game. Don't try to do business 
with but five men ; have your two substitutes and make 
them part of your team. A manager can never discover 
the real worth of a player by keeping him on the side 
lines. 

Develop a couple of good foul goal shooters ; while 
there is little satisfaction in winning a game from the 
foul line, an extraordinary strict official may necessitate 



JOS. BERNSTEIN, 
Donor of the Bernstein Cup. 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKET BALL. 53 



such a course, aud if the manager has upon his team a 
man or two who can drop foul goals with any degree of 
certainty, he will never be obliged to exclaim, "Well, my 
team played the better floor game, but lost through their 
inability to shoot fouls." Make it the duty of one or 
two particular players to attend to this part of the game 
and have them well drilled. 

In concluding this article the writer deems it advis- 
able for every basket ball team to affiliate with some recog- 
nized association that controls the game and can offer 
it protection. 



WILLIAM WALSH, 
Tournament Official. 



Playing Rules of The Protective 
Basketball and Athletic Associ= 
ation of the Eastern States. 

RULE 1. 
Court. 

Section 1. The game of basketball may be played on any 
rectangular area, free from obstruction, the boundary lines 
of which shall not include more than 3,500 square feet. 

Boundary Lines. 

Sec. 2. The four sides of the court shall be marked by a 
well-defined line which at no point shall be less than three 
feet from the nearest obstruction or row of spectators. The 
lines on the short side of the court shall be known as the 
end lines, and those on the long sides the side lines. (Note 
diagram on opposite page.) 

Circle. 

Sec. 3. A circle 4 feet in diameter, known as the center 
circle, shall be marked in the center of the court. (Note 
diagram on opposite page.) 

Foul Line. 

Sec. 4. Lines one-half inch in width shall be drawn 
across the court from side line to side line, parallel to, and 
20 feet from the end lines, and shall be known as the foul 
lines. (Note diagram on opposite page.) 

Changes. 

Sec. 5. By mutual agreement of the captains, Section 
1, and the distance of the boundaries from obstructions 
named in Section 2 may be changed. 

When the game is played in a cage the dimensions of 
the cage shall not be more than sixty-five feet long by 
thirty-five feet wide. The sides of the cage shall not be 
less than eleven feet in height, the corners should bo round 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKETBALL. 57 



and the entire structure kept in first-class condition. No 
team shall claim a game by forfeit because of its opponents 
refusing to play in a cage not in proper condition. 

RULE 2. 
The Ball. 

Section 1. The ball shall be spherical. It shall consist 
of a rubber bladder covered with a leather case. It shall 
not be less than thirty nor more than thirty-two inches in 
circumference. It shall weigh not less than eighteen nor 
more than twenty ounces. The ball must be provided by 
the home team. It must be tightly inflated, and laced so 
that it cannot be held by the lacing, and must be in good 
condition. The home team shall likewise provide the visit- 
ing team with a regulation ball in good condition and prop- 
erly inflated for practice. 

Sec. 2. Any ball of standard make, conforming to the 
above requirements, may be used in match games. In cham- 
pionship games the ball selected by the championship com- 
mittee shall be the official ball. 

RULE 3. 
Baskets. 

Section 1. The goals shall be hammock nets of cord 
suspended from metal rings eighteen inches in diameter, 
inside measurement. The rings shall be placed ten feet 
above the floor in the center of the short side of the court. 
The ins : de rim must extend twelve inches from the back- 
board, as provided for in Section 2 of this rule. 

Backboard. 

Sec. 2. The backboard, which is provided more as a 
barrier to the ball going out of bounds while trying for a 
goal than as an assistance in carroming the ball into the 
basket, shall consist of any solid material that is perma- 
nently flat, perpendicular and rigid, and shall measure at 
least six feet horizontally and four feet vertically, and ex- 
tend noi less than three feet above the top of the basket. 

RULE 4. 
Teams. 

Section 1. Each team shall consist of five men and two 
substitutes. 

Sec. 2. Every player must be a member of the organiza- 
tion he represents. 




CHARLES P. McWADE, 
Tournament Official. 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKETBALL. 59 



Sec. 3. At any time during the game a substitute may 
take the place of any player, but said player upon leaving 
the game cannot re-enter it. 

Sec. 4. In no championship or match games shall any 
player of one team act as substitute on any other team. 

Sec. 5. Every team shall adopt uniforms for its players, 
and the suits of each team shall conform in color and 
style. No player who shall appear in a uniform not con- 
forming to the suits of the other members of his team shall 
be permitted to take part in the game. 

Sec. 6. No player shall be permitted to use a wrist 
guard of leather, or any other hard and unyielding ma- 
terial. A player may protect his wrist by a bandage con- 
sisting of not more than three thicknesses of cotton or four 
thicknesses of gauze, which may be held in place by not 
more than two thicknesses of adhesive tape or a light 
rubber bandage. The cotton or gauze shall be wound about 
the wrist in a perfectly dry condition. Under no circum- 
stances will wet or moist bandages be permitted. 

No player shall be permitted to wear a ring while play- 
ing and upon going into a game any player may, upon re- 
quest of an official, be compelled to trim his finger nails 
down to such a length that they will not inflict scratches 
or other injury upon an opponent. 

RULE 5. 
Officials. 

Section 1. The officials shall be a referee, an umpire, 
two scorers and two timekeepers. 

The Referee. 

Sec. 2. The referee is the superior officer of the game 
and shall decide all questions not under the jurisdiction of 
the other officials and all questions not covered by the 
rules. He shall have the power to impose all penalties and 
may order any player, captain or manager to perform or 
refrain from any action that he may deem necessary or 
prejudicial to the proper enforcement of the laws of the 
game, and there shall be no appeal from any legal decision 
of the referee on any point covered by the rules. 

Sec. 3. The referee shall be the sole judge of the ball 
and shall decide when it is in play, when dead, when out 
of bounds, to which side it belongs and when a goal has 




ST. THOMAS A. C. TEAM, NEW YORK CITY. 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKETBALL. 61 



been scored. His term of office shall extend from the time 
the game begins until it is concluded. He must then give 
his decision awarding the game without delay and his 
jurisdiction shall end then and there. 

Sec. 4. The signal to commence, stop or resume play 
shall be the referee's whistle. He shall blow the whistle 
to call time, to award ball on an out of bounds, to stop 
wrestling for the ball (held ball), to start play, in case of 
sickness or injury, to call a foul which must be supple- 
mented by indicating the offender and an announcement of 
the nature of tbe foul sufficiently loud to be heard by both 
the offender and scorekeeper, and at the request of the 
captain of either team; the last being discretionary in order 
that delay of the game may not result from either captain 
resorting to dilatory tactics. 

Sec. 5. It shall be the duty of the referee to see that 
the regulations relating to court, spectators, ball and goals 
are rigidly lived up to. Upon request by both captains he 
may permit alterations in the rules relating to grounds or 
time, but in no other particular shall the rules be altered 
or modified. 

Sec. 6. The referee must keep in the vicinity of the 
play and must at all times remain upon his feet while the 
game is going on. 

Sec. 7. Under no circumstances shall the referee render 
any decision relative to a bet or wager on the outcome of 
any game, and if the fact is established that the referee 
has any previous knowledge of such bet or wager it shall 
be deemed sufficient grounds for declaring said referee in- 
eligible to officiate in that game or any game played there- 
after under Association jurisdiction. 

RULE 6. 
Umpire. 

Section 1. The umpire's duties are limited to deciding 
whether a foul has been committed or not and imposing 
penalty for same. He shall call fouls for all violations of 
the rules, blowing his whistle upon each occasion, indicating 
the offending payer and announcing ihe nature of the foul 
loud enough to be heard by the scorers. His decisions, if 
confined to the rules, shall not be questioned by the referee. 
The umpire shall not infringe upon the duties of the referee 
in any manner, and he is not permitted to call those fouls 



REV. JOHN L. SCUDDER, 
People's Palace, Jersey City, N. J. 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKETBALL. 63 



which come within the special province of the referee. The 
umpire shall at all times remain standing, and it shall be 
his special duty to see that Rule 13, Sec. 8, is not violated. 

Sec. 2. If, in the opinion of the umpire, a foul has been 
committed, which involves the disqualification of a player, 
he may demand the removal of that player from the game, 
and the referee shall, upon such request, remove the 
offending player without delay. 

Sec. 3. Fouls may be called at any time up to the ex- 
piration of time at the end of either half, for violations 
committed either in or out of bounds, including such periods 
as when the game may be temporarily stopped. Fouls may 
be called on any number of players at the same time, and 
should a player foul more than once in one play fouls shall 
be called for each violation. 

Sec. 4. When two or more whistles sound at the same 
time the official's whistle calling a foul shall take 
precedence. 

RULE 7. 

Section 1. Each team shall submit the name of its official 
to the other for approval at least five days in advance 
of the game and such selections if approved shall be final; 
changes can only be made with the consent of both teams, 
and the team neglecting to notify the other of its selection 
shall forfeit its right to appoint an official. 

Sec. 2. The official of the home team and the official of 
the visiting team shall alternate: each serving one half 
as referee and one half as umpire. The order in which 
they officiate to be mutually agreed upon or decided by the 
toss of a coin. 

Sec. 3. In championships the chief official appointed 
by the championship committee shall select his staff of 
referees, umpires, timekeepers and scorers. 

RULE 8. 
Timekeepers. 

Section 1. The captains or managers of the opposing 
teams shall each appoint a timekeeper; the timekeepers ap- 
pointed shall sit together and shall use one watch which 
shall constantly remain in view of both timekeepers. They 
shall note when the game starts and shall blow a whistle 
or strike a gong at the expiration of each half. Time 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKETBALL. 65 



consumed by stoppage during the game shall be deducted 
only by order of the referee. 

Sec. 2. In the event of any difference of opinion arising 
between the timekeepers, the subject shall be instantly sub- 
mitted to the referee, who shall decide the same forthwith. 

RULE 9. 
Scorers. 

Section 1. The captains or managers of the opposing 
teams shall each appoint a scorer; the scorers shall sit 
together and may divide the actual work of scoring in such 
a manner as may be agreeable to both parties. One score 
book, furnished by the home team, shall be the official score 
book and it shall constantly remain in view of both score- 
keepers. 

Sec. 2. Prior to the commencement of the game, the 
scorers shall enter the correct line-up of the opposing teams 
and other particulars in the official score book and shall 
keep score according to Protective Association Rules. 

Sec. 3. No entry shall be made in the official score book 
without the consent of both scorers; if unable to agree 
the scorers shall instantly sumbit the entry in dispute to 
the referee, who shall immediately decide same. 

Sec. 4. A blackboard, if used, shall be regarded solely 
as a means of announcing the score to the spectators, and 
under no circumstances shall the score on the board differ 
from the score in the official score book. The referee may 
order the score on the board corrected at any time during 
the game. 

RULE 10. 
Captains. 

Section 1. Captains, who- must be players in the game, 
shall be appointed by each team, and they shall be the 
sole representatives of their respective teams. They alone 
shall be permitted to address the officials and then only in 
reference to subjects relating to the rules; they must notify 
the referee of any substitution in the line-up of their team 
and any failure to do so shall constitute a foul. They 
shall furnish the scorekeepers with a list of the names 
of their players and their positions and toss for choice of 
goals before the ball is put in play at the start of the 
game. 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKETBALL. 



RULE 11. 

Section 1. The game shall consist of two twenty-minute 
halves, actual playing time, with an intermission of ten 
minutes between halves. By mutual agreement of the 
captains time may be shortened. In championships all 
changes in time shall be made by the championship com- 
mittee. 

Sec. 2. xvfter the first half the teams shall change goals. 

Sec. 3. The line-up for play shall be as per diagram. 
Centers about to jump for the ball shall stand with both 
feet inside the circle, while forwards and guards shall not 
line up at any point nearer to center than the foul line, 
which shall not be crossed until the signal to start play is 
given. 

Sec. 4. The referee shall put the ball in play by tossing 
it in a line perpendicular to the floor to a height of not 
less than ten nor more than twelve feet, so that it will drop 
between the two center men in the center circle. This shall 
be repeated after each goal is scored, at the beginning of 
the second half, and after the ball has been declared dead. 
When on the toss-up the ball has reached its greatest 
height the referee shall blow his whistle and the sound of 
the whistle shall be the signal to start play. 

Sec. 5. The referee shall impose a foul upon any player 
who delays the game by neglecting or refusing to line up 
according to rule, or who shifts his position contrary to 
regulation. A foul shall likewise be called by either ref- 
eree or umpire on any player who interferes with the ball 
during its upward course; or who interferes with his oppo- 
nent while jumping. 

Sec. 6. The ball must first be touched or batted by one 
or both of the centers; or it may be caught by either. If 
touched out of bounds on the jump, it shall go back to 
center and again be put in play. 

Sec. 7. When the ball is put in play, in any other part 
of the court, as in a held ball, after time out, etc., the play- 
ers who are to jump for the ball must stand not further 
than two feet from the spot indicated by the referee. 

Sec. 8. The ball may be thrown, passed, batted or 
dribbled in any direction with one or both hands; but it 
shall be a foul to kick the ball or strike it with the closed 
fist. 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKETBALL. 69 



Sec. 9. A ball held by two or more players shall be 
termed a held ball. The referee shall not permit these 
players to hold or wrestle for possession of the ball, but 
zhall blow the whistle instantly and put the ball back into 
play by tossing it up as prescribed in Section 4, causing 
the two men who held the ball to jump for it. 

Sec. 10. When for any other cause time is taken out 
the game shall be resumed by the referee putting the ball 
in play by tossing it up and causing the two men whose 
position in the line-up is nearest the spot where the ball 
was when time was called to jump for the ball at the 
same place where it was when the game was stopped. 

Sec. 11, When the ball is out of bounds when time is 
called the game shall be resumed by putting the ball in 
play from out of bounds at the spot where it went out. 

Sec. 12. The ball is out of bounds when any part of it 
is over the boundary line, or when in the hands of a player 
who is out of bounds. A player is out of bounds when 
any part of his body is outside the boundary line. 

Sec. 13. When a ball goes out of bounds and imme- 
diately returns through any agency other than the inter- 
ference of a player, official or spectator, play shall con- 
tinue; unless the referee blows his whistle, in which case 
the ball shall be put in play as though it had not returned 
in bounds. 

Sec. 14.- When the ball is out of bounds the player in 
pursuit first over the line nearest the spot where the ball 
went out shall return it to play. He may pass, bounce or 
roll it into the court in any direction from any spot out of 
bounds, providing the ball crosses the boundary line in its 
return at the spot where it went out. He need not come 
up to the line and he shall not be interfered with in re- 
turning the ball. No player shall stand within two feet of 
a man returning the ball into play, and the ball shall not 
be touched until it has entered the court. Persistent at- 
tempts to interfere with the return of the ball into play 
shall be construed as delaying the game, and a foul im- 
posed upon the offenaing ph yer. When the ball is returned 
into play it must be passed to and touched by some player 
other than the man who is returning it. He likewise must 
not delay the return of the ball more than five seconds 
after he has secured possession thereof. If he attempts to 
carry the ball in bounds or to toss it in and play it with- 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKETBALL. 71 



out its first having been touched by another player, or if 
he fails to return the ball into play within the time limit, 
the referee shall award the ball to the opposing team. 

Sec. 15. If the referee is in doubt as to which team is 
entitled to the ball out of bounds, he shall toss it up and 
cause the two men whose position in the line-up is nearest 
the spot where the ball went out to jump for the same 
at the place where the ball left the court. 

Sec. 16. The ball if carried out of bounds shall be 
awarded to the opposing team. 

Sec. If. The ball if forced out of bounds by contact be- 
tween the player in possession of the ball and another 
player shall be awarded to neither side, but shall be put in 
play by tossing it up and causing the two men to jump for 
it, at the spot at which it went out; unless the contact 
between the two players was intentional, in which case a 
foul shall be called upon the offender for pushing. 

Sec. 18. Passing the ball to a team mate out of bounds 
constitutes an outside pass; the ball shall be awarded to 
the opposing team. 

Sec. 19. When a player in his attempt to put the ball 
into play from out of bounds throws it entirely across the 
court so that it goes out of bounds on the opposite side of 
the court without having touched either the court or 
player in bounds, the player shall be considered as having 
failed in his attempt to return the ball to play and the ball 
shall be brought back to the same spot and awarded to the 
opposing team. 

Sec. 20. In a cage game the ball is out of bounds when 
it has passed outside the cage, whether it bounces back 
again or not. After being returned within bounds, it shall 
be put in play by tossing it up and causing the two players 
whose position in a line-up is nearest the spot where the 
ball lelt the cage to jump for it. 

RULE 12. 
"Dead Ball." 

The ball is dead when a goal has been scored from the 
field, or on a free throw. 

After both teams have had a trial on a double foul. 

When it has been awarded to a player out of bounds. 

When touched by a spectator while on its way to the 
basket. 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKETBALL. 



When thrown among the spectators or into a gallery or 
on a stage. 

When tne referee's whistle sounds for out of bounds, 
held ball, time out, or a foul. 

When the umpire's whistle sounds calling a foul. 

When the timekeeper's whistle or bell sounds the expira- 
tion of the half or the end of the game. 

RULE 13. 
Scoring. 

Section 1. The basket that a team is attacking shall be 
known as that team's basket. 

Sec. 2. A goal from the field shall count as two points 
while a goal made on a free throw resulting from a foul 
shall count as one point. 

Sec. 3. A goal made by mistake shall count for the side 
into whose basket the ball was thrown. 

Sec. 4. In match and championship games the baskets 
shall be tied at the bottoms so that the ball cannot pass 
through. 

Sec. 5. If the ball or goal is toucned or interfered with 
by the opposing team when the ball is on the rim of the 
basket the referee shall award cue point to the team 
attacking that basket. 

Sec. G. A ball entering the basket shall not be inter- 
fered with by the defenders of that basket: in the case of 
the ball having partly entered the basket and being batted 
out by the defenders of that basket, the goal shall count 
as if scored. 

Sec. 7. A foul shall entitle the side offended to a free 
throw for the basket; the thrower must be a player en- 
gaged in the game at the time the foul was committed; he 
shall stand on that side of the foul line which is toward 
center when making tne throw and no part of his body ex- 
cept his arms shall cross the line into the territory be- 
tween the foul line and the end line, until the ball has 
either entered or missed the basket. 

Sec. 8. While a free throw is being made no player 
shall place himself nearer than six feet from the thrower 
and no piayer shall be in the territory between the foul line 
and the end line, and no player shall cross the foul line 
into the territory between foul line and end line until the 



Diagram of Basket Ball Court and correct way to line up 



I 

" End Line " ; not more than 50 feet 
I 

o 

Goal 

" Left Forward " " Right Forward " 

o o 

" Foul Line " ; twenty feet from " End Line " 
Center Circle 




Four feet in diameter 



" Foul Line " ; twenty feet from " End Line" 

o ~o 

"Left Guard" "Right Guard" 



Goal 

o 



I 

"End Lme;" not more than 50 feet 
l 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKETBALL. 75 



ball has eithe ■ entered the basket, scoring on the throw, 
or missed the basket, when the referee shall blow his 
whistle announcing that a goal has been scored or that the 
ball is in play. 

Sec. 9. A goal from a free th~ow must be scored clean; 
if the ball touches or is carromed off the backboard the 
goal shall not count and the ball shall be put in play from 
center. 

Sec. 10. If an opponent shall cross the line while a free 
throw is being tried it shall entitle the thrower to another 
trial if the tnrow is missed; after which the ball if it 
has not entered the basket shall be considered in play. 

Sec. 11. If a player from the same team as the thrower 
shall cross the foul line into the territory between the foul 
line and end line before the ball has entered or missed the 
basket the goal if made shall not count, and the ball shall 
be put play at center. 

Sec. 12. If, in the opinion of the referee, any proceed- 
ing on the part of the spectators has a tendency to lessen 
a player's chances of scoring on a free throw, or causes 
the player to miss the basket, he may order the player 
to continue throwing until a basket is made or the dis- 
turbance ceases. 

Sec. 13. When fouls are called simultaneously on both 
teams, each shall take its throw in succession and the 
game shall be resumed by the ball being tossed up at 
center. 

Sec. 14. When two or more fouls are called at the same 
time or one team, throws shall be made in succession and 
if the last throw results in a goal the ball shall be put in 
play at center; if not, the ball shall be considered in play. 

Sec. 15. A ball entering the basket after the whistle 
has sounded shall not count as a goal. 

Sec. 16. It shall not be obligatory to deduct time for 
periods consumed in making free throws, but if in the 
opinion of the referee the game is being obviously delayed 
for the purpose of affecting the final result, he shall deduct 
time. 

Sec. 17. A goal scored before the whistle can be blown 
for a foul committed by the team scoring shall not count. 

Sec. 18. A goal thrown by a player any part of whose 
person is touching the floor out of bounds shall not count 
If the bail does not enter the basket it is in play. 



\ 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKETBALL. 77 



Sec. 19. If the whistle is blown for a foul immediately 
before or simultaneously with the sound of the timekeep- 
er's whistle denoting the expiration of the half or the end 
of the game, the team offended shall be entitled to a free 
throw. If the foul occurs at the end of the game, the 
referee shall defer his announcement of the score and 
awarding of the game until the free throw has been either 
made or missed. 

Sec. 20. In case of an injury to a player, play shall con- 
tinue until the sound of the referee's whistle. If a goal is 
scored before the referee blows his whistle, the goal shall 
count except under the circumstances covered by Sees. 17 
and 18 of this rule. No player shall take time out more 
than three times during the progress of the game. 

Sec. 21. When any person other than a regular official 
of the game shall blow a whistle, the referee shall exercise 
his own judgment in straightening out any complication 
that may arise therefrom; allowing the visiting team the 
benefit of any doubt that may exist. The home team shall 
be held responsible for occurrences of this kind. 

RULE 14. 

Section 1. There shall be no tackling, or holding an op- 
ponent. Grasping the clothing or person of a player or 
putting one or both arms about a player shall be consid- 
ered holding, and when playing an opponent from the rear, 
that is to say, reaching for the ball, players must keep 
one arm free. A foul sliall be called for violation of this 
rule. 

Sec. 2. A player shall not carry the ball. He must play 
it from the spot from which he catches it. Allowance shall 
be made for one who catches it while running, if he throws 
it at once or stops as soon as possible. This shall not be 
construed as interfering with a player's turning around 
without making progress. A foul shall be called for viola- 
tion of this rule. 

Sec. 3. Striking an opponent with the edge of the open 
hand is known as hacking. It shall be a foul to hack an 
opponent. 

Sec. 4. It shall be a foul to push an opponent. It shall 
be a foul to shoulder, hip or charge an opponent. 

Sec. 5. It shall be a foul to trip, elbow, punch, kick or 
indulge in any style of play calculated to injure or disable 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKETBALL. 



an opponent. The officials shall be very strict on these 
points, and may disqualify on the first offense. Should a 
player be injured by an opponent and forced to retire from 
the game, the offending player must be disqualified for that 
game. 

Sec. 6. Any player using profane, abusive or insulting 
language, whether addressed to an official, player or spec- 
tator, may be disqualified without further notice. 

Sec. 7. Any player displaying a tendency to play a 
vicious or unnnecessariJy rough game, may upon warning 
be disqualified. 

Sec. 8. The referee shall notify the Secretary of the 
Protective Basketball and Athletic Association of the East- 
ern States whenever a player has been disqualified, giving 
full particulars. 

RULE 15. 

Section 1. The interference with the progress of a 
player by interposing the person of another player between 
the first player, and the place or object toward which 
he is advancing, shall be termed blocking. While a block 
of the kind described shall be permissible, it must be un- 
derstood that the use of the elbows or hips, holding, charg- 
ing rr pushing shall not figure in, nor constitute a legiti- 
mate block; but shall be considered a foul as provided 
in these rules. 

Sec. 2. The dribble is a play in which the ball is ad- 
vanced by rolling, bouncing or tossing with one or both 
hands more than two times, taking more than two steps at 
the same time, without the assistance of another player. 
A player who has dribbled (three or more bounces and 
more than two steps) cannot score a goal until the ball has 
been played by another player. Successive tries for goals 
by one who has not dribbled shall not be considered a 
dribble. Officials shall see that a player does not violate 
Rule 14, Sec. 2, while dribbling. 

RULE 16. 

Section 1. If through sickness or injury to a player it 
becomes necessary for the referee to call time, none of the 
uninjured players of that team shall leave the floor. Play 
shall be resumed in three minutes, and if the injured player 
is unable to pjay by that time, a substitute shall take bis 
place or the game start at once without him. Players leav- 




PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKETBALL. 81 



ing the court curing the three minutes' intermission do so 
at their own risk. 



Sec. 2. A team shall forfeit a game when it fails to 
appear upon the floor, or being on the floor fails to line up 
for play within three minutes after the referee has ordered 
a line-up, unless such delay in appearing or commencing 
the game was unavoidable. When, after the game has be- 
gun, it refuses or fails to continue playing, except when 
the game has been suspended or stopped by the referee, 
when after play has been suspended it fails to resume play- 
ing within three minutes after the referee calls play; when 
after the disqualification of a player said player refuses to 
drop out within three minutes ; and when it refuses to play oft 
a tie. A forfeited game is lost by a score of 2 points to 0. 

Sec. 3. No basketball game shall <md with a tie. If, at 
the expiration of forty minutes' play, each team shall have 
scored an equal number of points, the game shall be sus- 
pended long enough to announce the time and circum- 
stances and play shall immediately be resumed without 
change of goals or officials until one or the other team has 
scored two additional points. r lhe points may be made 
either from field, goals or free throws. The team first 
scoring two points wins; except in case of a second tie, 
both teams having scored one point each on a free throw 
and then making the second point simultaneously, by both 
teams scoring on a double foul ; in which case the game 
shall still be considered a tie and play shall continue as 
provided in the foregoing. 

RULE 17. 

Section 1. The home team ;;.hall take the necessary 
measures to preserve order on its own floor and among 
the spectators. If the latter intrude themselves upon the 
floor during the progresr ot the game, or interfere with the 
play in any manner, the visiting team may appeal to the 
referee to order the floor cleared, and if this is not done 
within five minutes the visiting team can claim and shall 
be awarded the game by a score of 2 points to 0. 

Sec. 2. All inquiries relating to these rules may be sent 
to the Secretary of the Protective Basketball and Athletic 
Association. Appeals must be filed in writing within 
twenty-four hours. Enclose self -addressed stamped enve- 
lope for reply. 



Constitution of The Protective 
Basketball and Athletic Associ= 
ation of the Eastern States 

NAME. 

This Association shall be called the Protective Basket- 
ball and Athletic Association of the Eastern States. 

ARTICLE I. 
Objects. 

The objects of this Association are: to perpetuate bas- 
ketball as the National midwinter sport, and to surround it 
with such safeguards as to warrant absolute public confi- 
dence in its integrity and methods by establishing a uni- 
form code of rules, and by offering protection to its mem- 
bers and the bodies affiliated with the Assoeiation ; and 
to provide athletic competition for its members. 

ARTICLE 2. 
Membership. 

Section 1. The membership of this organization shall 
be limited to athletic clubs and clubs playing basketball. 

Sec. 2. The Association, through its Board of Gover- 
nors, subject to the approval of the Association, shall be 
the sole judge of the qualifications of applicants for mem- 
bership therein, and of the eligibility for continued mem- 
bership. 

Sec. 3. Each Association club shall have the right to 
regulate its own affairs, to formulate its own rules, and to 
discipline, punish, suspend or expel its own manager, play- 
ers or officials, and these powers shall not be limited to 
cases of dishonest players or open insubordination, but shall 
include all questions of carelessness, indifference or other 
conduct that may be regarded by the club as prejudicial to 
its interests and not in conflict with the playing rules or 
Constitution of this organization. 

Sec. 4. Applications for membership shall be in the 
form prescribed by the Association, and the acceptance of 



COMPANY C 54 BASKETBALL TEAM OF MUSCATINE, IOWA. 
State Champions. 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKETBALL. 85 



membership shall bind such clubs to abide by the Constitu- 
tion and playing rules, and to accept all decisions emanat- 
ing from the Association. 

Sec. 5. Applications for membership shall be voted upon 
by ballot at a regular Association meeting, a three-fourths 
vote being necessary to elect. A violation of the Consti- 
tution or rules, or order of the Board of Governors made 
in conformity therewith, shall render the member violating 
liable to suspension by the Board of Governors until the 
next Association meeting, when the case shall come up for 
Association action. 

Sec. 6. The membership of any club may be terminated: 

By resignation duly accepted by a three-fourths vote of 
all the clubs represented at a regular Association meeting. 

By failure to have its team present at the time and place 
agreed upon to play any game, unless caused by unavoid- 
able accident, which question shall be decided by the Asso- 
ciation at a regular meeting. 

By playing any game of basketball with or competing 
against a club that is disqualified or ineligible under the 
Constitution. 

By wilful violation of any part of this Constitution. 
By failing or refusing to fulfil its contracts or agree- 
ments. 

By wilfully neglecting to pay its duos as provided for in 
this Constitution, within thirty (30) days of notification. 

By agreeing or attempting to lose any game of basket- 
ball, or failing to immediately expel any player found guilty 
of agreeing or attempting to lose any game or any athletic 
event. 

ARTICLE 3. 
Dues. 

Section 1. Each club in this Association shall pay the 
Association Treasurer on, or before October 1 of each year, 
the sum of One Dollar (.$1.00) annual dues. Every appli- 
cant for membership shall likewise remit with its applica- 
tion the sum of One Dollar (,$1.00), which sum shall be 
considered as covering entrance fee and annual dues. 

Sec. 2. The receipts from all sources shall be devoted to 
defraying only the necessary expenses of the Association, 
i. e. : printing, postage, stationery, etc. No expenses In- 
curred by delegates in attending Association meetings or by 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKET BALL. 87 



members of the Board of Governors in attending Board 
meetings shall be paid with Association funds. 

ARTICLE 4. 
Meetings. 

Section 1. The annual meeting of this Association shall 
be held on October 1, or as soon thereafter as practicable. 
Subsequent meetings shall be called whenever deemed ad- 
visable by the Association. Special meetings may be called 
by a majority vote at an Association meeting, and upon 
the written request of at least twelve (12) Association 
clubs. The date and location of such meeting and a state- 
ment of the object thereof to be contained in the notice. 

Sec. 2. Five (5) days' notice of every Association meet- 
ing shall be mailed by the Secretary to every member. A 
notice mailed to the address last given by the member shall 
be deemed a full compliance with the requirements of this 
Constitution. 

Sec. 3. The following shall be order of business, which 
may be suspended by a three-fourths vote of all the mem- 
bers present, at a regular meeting : 

Roll Call. 

Reading of Minutes. 
Communications. 
Proposals for Membership. 
Reports of Committees. 
Treasurer's Report. 
Collection of Dues. 
Election of Members. 

Unfinished, New or Miscellaneous Business. 
Election of Officers and Board of Governors (Annual 
Meeting). 

Adjournment. 

Sec. 4. In the interval between two Association meet- 
ings, any action that might lawfully be taken at a special 
meeting may be so taken by a mail or telegraph vote. Pro- 
vided that where this Constitution requires a majority vote, 
the vote so taken, to be effective, must be a majority vote 
of all the members voting, and where this Constitution re- 
quires a three-fourths vote, the vote so taken, to be effec- 
tive, must be a three-fourths vote of all the members voting, 
and further provided that in every instance such mail or tele- 
graph vote shall be taken by the Corresponding Secretary, 



h3 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKET BALL. 89 



and the ballots of each member must be preserved in the 
Corresponding Secretary's files. In despatching communica- 
tions for a mail or telegraphic vote, the substance of the 
communication shall be a statement that a mail or tele- 
graphic vote is required upon the following. Then shall 
be written a copy, verbatim of the motion, resolution or 
subject as submitted to the meeting, and spread; upon the 
minutes. The communication shall close with a request that 
the vote be sent in on or before a given date, and shall 
contain no opinion, comment or argument calculated to in- 
fluence the voter. 

ARTICLE 5. 
Representation. 

Section 1. Every Club in this Association shall appoint 
one delegate to cast its ballot and represent it at Associa- 
tion meetings. Each Club shall likewise appoint one alter- 
nate of such delegate. Delegate and alternate must be 
members of the Club in good standing, and shall represent 
their respective organizations until superseded or with- 
drawn. The appointment of every delegate and alternate 
shall be in writing signed by the members of the Club sub- 
mitting the appointment. The name of a person submitted 
as delegate shall be withdrawn upon request of the Asso- 
ciation, said request to be confirmed by a majority vote of 
all members present at a regular meeting. 

Sec. 2. A Club may at any time, by written notice ad- 
dressed to the Secretary of the Association, and signed by 
the members of the Club, withdraw its delegate provided an- 
other be simultaneously substituted for the one withdrawn. 
And if the delegate thus withdrawn is at that time a mem- 
ber of the Board of Managers, he shall vacate his place on 
the Board, which vacancy shall be filled as provided in Ar- 
ticle 7, Section G, of this Constitution. 

ARTICLE 6. 
Officers. 

Section 1. At its annual meeting this Association shall 
elect its officers, consisting of a President, Vice-President, 
Secretary, Corresponding Secretary and Treasurer, who 
shall hold office until the next annual meeting, or until 
their successors are elected. The election shall be by bal- 
lot, a majority vote of all the members present at the an- 
nual meeting being necessary to elect. 



KEYSTONE TEAM OF ELTINGVILLE, N. Y, 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKET BALL. 91 



Sec. 2. The President shall preside at the meetings of 
the Association, and generally perform such other duties 
as appertain to his office, including the callings of meetings 
as provided for in Article 4, Section i, of this Constitution. 

Sec. 3. The Vice-President shall take the place of the 
President in his absence or in case of his inability to act. 

Sec 4. The Secretary shall have the custody and care 
of the Association records and papers, and shall keep a 
record of all Association meetings ; shall likewise keep a 
record of all events held under the auspices of the Associa- 
tion, and of all infractions of the Constitution, By-Laws and 
Rules of the Association that are reported to him, or come 
under his notice, and shall make a report of the same at 
the next Association meeting. He shall also keep a record 
based upon reports submitted, of all teams, Association and 
otherwise. This record shall be kept at the Association 
headquarters and shall at all times be accessible to mem- 
bers. 

Sec. 5. The Corresponding Secretary shall conduct all 
correspondence, issue notices of all Association meetings and 
meetings of the Board of Governors and perform such other 
duties as may be allotted to him by this Constitution. 

Sec. G. The Treasurer of the Association shall be the 
custodian of all funds of the Association, receive all dues, 
and other moneys, make such payments as may be ordered 
by a vote of the Association, submit a report whenever 
asked and shall turn over all moneys, accounts, books, 
papers, vouchers and records appertaining to his office to 
his successor. 

The Treasurer shall give such bond as the Association 
may require, the Association to bear the expense of same. 

ARTICLE 7. 
Board of Governors. 

Section 1. At its annual meeting the Association shall 
elect four members, who together with the officers of the 
Association shall constitute the Board of Governors. The 
members so elected shall hold office until the succeeding 
annual meeting or until their successors are elected. 

Sec. 2. The duties of the Board of Governors shall be 
to determine the eligibility of all applicants for member- 
ship ; to impose and enforce penalties for any and all viola- 
tions of the Constitution, or Rules of this Association ; re- 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKET BALL. 93 



ceive and take action on all protests and complaints ; call 
regular and special meetings of the Association as pro- 
vided by the Constitution and to designate the time and 
place of same ; explain, define and interpret any part of 
this Constitution at the request of any member. 

Sec. 3. No action of the Board of Governors shall be 
final until approved by the Association. 

Sec. 4. The President, Vice-President and Secretary of 
the Association shall serve as President, Vice-President and 
Secretary respectively of the Board of Governors. 

Sec. 5. The Board of Governors shall meet monthly and 
at such other times as may be deemed necessary. The 
President shall call all meetings of the Board of Governors 
as provided by this Constitution. 

Sec. 6. Any vacancy occurring on the Board of Gov- 
ernors shall be filled by the Association at the next meet- 
ing following the date on which such vacancy occurred ; 
when an election shall be held in the form prescribed by this 
Constitution and the candidate receiving a majority of the 
votes cast shall fill said vacancy until the succeeding annual 
election. 

ARTICLE 8. 
Committees. 

Section 1. There shall be appointed by the Association 
a committee to be known as the Championship Committee. 
The Championship Committee shall have discretionary 
powers in arranging details, and taking such steps as are 
necessary to the holding of any championship tournament 
determined upon by the Association. It shall consist of 
three members and no action taken or contract entered into 
by this committee shall be final until approved by the 
Association. 

Sec. 2. There shall be appointed by the Association a 
committee to be known as the Rules Committee. It shall 
be the duty of the Rules Committee to interpret the play- 
ing rules of the Association, to note all suggestions of 
changes or modifications thereof and to make such changes 
as the best interest of the game may suggest. 

Sec. 3. There shall be appointed by the Association a 
committee to be known as the Auditing Committee. It shall 
be the duty of the Auditing Committee to audit and examine 
the accounts of the Treasurer at least two weeks prior to 



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PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKET BALL. 95 



the annual meeting of the Association and make its report 
thereof to the Association at the annual meeting. 

Said committee shall also at other times, when requested 
by the Association, make an examination of the accounts 
of the Treasurer, and report to the Association thereon, 
and may in such case require the Treasurer to turn over to 
it all moneys, accounts, books, papers, vouchers and records 
appertaining to his office. 

ARTICLE 9. 
Parliamentary Proceedings. 

Cushing's Manual shall be the governing authority in the 
parliamentary proceedings at Association meetings. 

ARTICLE 10. 
Amendments. 

Any proposed amendment to this Constitution shall be 
submitted in writing at the second meeting preceding the 
meeting at which the vote on the amendment will be taken. 
All members shall receive at least ten days' notice of the 
proposed amendment and the date of meeting at which it 
will be voted upon, and a two-thirds vote of all members 
present at that meeting shall be deemed necessary to ratify 
amendment. Members unable to attend aforesaid meeting 
may vote by mail, such votes being kept on file by the Sec- 
retary as prescribed in this Constitution. 




PLATE NO. 1. 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKET BALL. 97 



Plate No. 1. 

On the opposite page is an illustration of one 
of the phases of hacking which occurs very fre- 
quently. One player is taking a shot at the bas- 
ket, which his opponent, who has just reached 
him, aims to spoil by striking the thrower on the 
muscles of the upper arm with the outer edge of 
his open hand. Such a blow is temporarily para- 
lyzing in its effect, and is one of the worst forms 
of violent rough play. It calls for the whistle 
every time. 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKET BALL. 99 



Plate No. 2. 

Illustrates a device frequently resorted to by a 
big man in stopping the progress and sometimes 
the breathing of a smaller opponent. This illus- 
tration speaks for itself. Combining rough play 
with holding, and tactics calculated to disable an 
opponent. A few of these holds should justify 
disqualification. 




PLATE NO. 3. 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKET BALL. 101 



Plate No. 3. 

Illustrates a form of holding used to delay an 
opponent's progress, generally with the intent to 
keep him out of the game long enough to destroy 
his effectiveness in carrying through some signal 
play. Needless to state, it is a foul. 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKET BALL. 103 



Plate No. 4. 

Illustrates a hold. Such a situation can never 
be called a held ball, for it is plainly self-evident 
that the player in the rear has both arms about 
his opponent, as well as the ball. Whistle. 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKET BALL. 



Plate No. 5. 

Illustrates another style of holding. The player 
in the rear, with one arm clasping the waist of 
his opponent, holds the other aloft in the hope 
that, with one arm free, he w T ill fool the official. 
It is holding pure and simple, and good officials 
will not be tricked so easily. 




PLATE NO. 6. 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKET BALL. 107 



Plate No. 6. 

Illustrates a situation that sometimes affords 
considerable amusement to everybody but the 
anxious wearer of the jersey. Don't let the 
amusement interfere with the fact that this is 
holding, and that the unceremonious disrobing 
which sometimes accompanies this practice is 
very embarrassing and delays the game. 



PLATE NO. 7. 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKET BALL. 109 



Plate No. 7. 

Is holding, pure and simple, and the fact that 
the ball is held to the ground offers no excuse. 




PLATE NO. 8. 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKET BALL. Ill 



Plate No. 8. 

Strongly resembles the wrestling trick known 
as the "flying' mare." The ball has been held to 
the ground, and the player on top, in attempting 
to reach it, has climbed on his opponent's back. 
The under man does not help things any by 
grasping the arm of the man on top and attempt- 
ing to heave him over his head, and unless two 
wrongs make a right, the whole affair resembles 
a double foul. Had the under player not tried to 
toss the upper man, the official should stop the 
upper man's laying over his opponent in short 
order by imposing a foul for holding. 




PLATE NO. 9. 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKET BALL. 113 



Plate No. 9. 

Illustrates a player catching the ball on or 
near the boundary line, while his opponent, who 
has no hope of obtaining possession of the ball, 
deliberately fouls him by a violent push. The 
offender, without doubt, is the man who does the 
pushing, and the man with the ball cannot be 
considered as carrying it out of bounds. 




PLATE NO. 10, 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKET BALL. 115 



Plate No. 10. 

Illustrates one of the most dangerous forms of 
fouling. Serious accidents often result from 
that most sneaking of all plays — the trip. The 
best place for the player who trips is on the side 
jlines. 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKET BALL. 117 



Plate No. 11. 

Illustrates a man pursuing the ball out of 
bounds. His opponent, who is a little bit late, 
tries to prevent his securing the ball by hipping 
him. It is a superfluous and unnecessary piece of 
roughness, for possession of the ball depends not 
upon who touches it first when out of bounds, 
but upon who crosses the line first nearest the 
ball. Officials will do well to discourage this 
sort of thing by the instant use of the whistle. 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKET BALL. 119 



Plate No. 12. 

Illustrates the use of the elbow to temporarily 
disable an opponent. The man in front is drib- 
bling; the man in the rear, while attempting to 
cover as best he can, comes within range and is 
the recipient of an elbow in the solar-plexus. 
Needless to say, he is temporarily disabled. The 
elbow figures in many other plays, and requires 
a sharp-eyed official to detect it. It is "dirty'' 
play of the worst description. 




PLATE NO. 13. 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKET BALL. 



Plate No. 13. 

Illustrates practically the same thing as Plate 
No. 12, and would seem to indicate that the one- 
handed dribble, in spite of all that was claimed 
for it, offered quite a few opportunities for flag- 
rant violations. 




\ 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKET BALL. 



] 23 



Plate No. 14. 



Illustrates a false conception of the "block." 
The player with the ball is trying to get away, 
and while it would be good team work on the 
part of his team mate to interpose himself be- 
tween the man with the ball and his opponent, yet 
by using his elbow and hip he does not use a 
legitimate block, but is guilty of a palpable foul. 




PLATE NO. 15. 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKET BALL. 



Plate No. 15. 

Another mistaken idea of "blocking." The 
player with the ball is under the goal just about 
to shoot. It would be good team work on the 
part of the team mate to get in the way of the 
opponent who is rushing up to stop the goal, but 
he makes the mistake of charging at him, and 
consequently spoils a good play by committing 
a foul. 




PLATE NO. 16. 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKET BALL. 127 



Plate No. 16. 

Shows a foul jump at center on the toss-up. 
One player by throwing his weight on his oppo- 
nent seeks to keep him down while forcing him- 
self aloft at the other's expense. As usual, the 
referee is gazing at the ball, utterly oblivious to 
the foul that is being committed right under his 
nose. 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKET BALL. 129 



Plate No. 17. 

Exposes a very dangerous foul. The picture 
speaks for itself, and the act should call for in- 
stant disqualification. Referee still watching the 
ball. 




PLATE NO. 18. 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKET BALL. 131 



Plate No. 18. 

Shows a foul committed by batting the ball 
while in its upward course. This is contrary to 
rule, as the ball is not in play until the referee's 
whistle sounds when the ball reaches its greatest 
height. 



PLATE NO. 19. 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKET BALL. 133 



Plate No. 19. 

Shows where a player jumping for the ball 
fouls his opponent by forcing back his head with 
the open hand. This is dirty play of the worst 
type, and anything can happen to a player who is 
subjected to this sort of thing while in the air. 
It is worse than roughness, for the player assailed 
stands a first-class chance of getting his neck 
broken. 



PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION BASKET BALL. 135 



Plate No. 20. 

What these rules are trying to eliminate ; the 
superfluous, stupid and utterly uncalled for 
"held ball." This is not basket ball, but a wrest- 
ling exhibition. While it is progressing eight 
players are transformed into spectators, and the 
game is delayed pending the outcome of this un- 
necessary bit of rough house. When the referee 
finally stops it by blowing the whistle, the two 
participants jump; clean perhaps and perhaps 
otherwise, and each goes his way with a well- 
developed desire to get square on the other at 
the next opportunity that ofifers. 



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Proper Way To Keep Score. 



RULES FOR SCORING. 

AH Games Must Be Scored as Per Diagram on 
Opposite Page. 

A sample page for a team will be found on the oppo- 
site page. In the first column are spaces for the posi- 
tion of each player, in the second column are found the 
names of the players, in the third column the goals 
scored during the first half. 

In this column will be found three sets of marks ; 
a figure two (2), which denotes a goal scored from 
the field; a figure one (1), which denotes a goal scored 
from foul and a cipher (0), denoting that a goal from 
foul has been tried for and missed. The figure two (2) 
of course counts two points, the figure one (1) one 
point and the cipher (0) nothing. The use of plain 
figures rather than symbols will simplify scoring and 
has the advantage of being readily added. At the bot- 
tom of the column is the total number of points scored 
during that half. 

In the fourth column are the fouls ; an X denoting 
that a foul has been called on a player. In the event 
of a disqualification, mark a D in the column and 
state nature of offence. 

The score book is a necessity to the manager who 
wishes to keep an accurate record of the ability of his 
players, and systematic scoring is essential to the elim- 
ination of disputes over the score. 



THE MINUTE MEN. 



"Managers of home teams are notified that in the event 
of a sudden cancellation, a team specially organized for 
the protection of Association members in cases of this kind, 
and known as "The Minute Men," can be secured on a few. 
hours' notice. 

The team will be prepared to play anywhere within 100 
miles of New York and will cost no more than the actual 
traveling and hotel expenses amount to. If you find your- 
self in a tight position don't stand for a hold-up, but wire 
your Association ; that's what we are in business for. 
Address 

TITOS. II. SMITH. 
225 East 31st Street, New York City. 



DISENGAGED PLAYERS. 

A list of disengaged players will be kept at headquarters 
for the benefit of managers desiring to make changes in 
the line-up of their teams. Any player who can produce 
a satisfactory release from the last team he played upon 
can have his name entered upon this list. 

State name, age, weight, position, name of last team 
played on, address of its manager, and reason for severing 
connection therewith. Address 

TIIOS. H. SMITH. 
225 East 31st Street, New York City. 



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